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Aluminium is a very strong and light metal, which makes it very attractive to manufacturers. It's commonly found in nature as aluminium oxide, bauxite and corundum. Aluminium oxide is amphoteric in nature, meaning it reacts with both acids and bases. It is used in a wide variety of chemical, industrial and commercial applications.
The most common crystalline form of aluminium oxide is corundum. Corundum is hard, durable and has good abrasive properties. It also has the ability to absorb moisture and vapor, which makes it useful as an insulator. It's used in abrasive products and cutting tools, as well as in glass and other types of lighting. The gem-quality forms of corundum, ruby and sapphire, get their color from trace impurities in the aluminium oxide crystals.
When exposed to water, aluminium quickly develops a thin layer of inert aluminium oxide on its surface. This prevents the metal from reacting with water, but if this layer is removed, a reaction can occur, releasing a highly flammable hydrogen gas. This type of corrosion is called pitting corrosion.
Workers who are exposed to large amounts of aluminium oxide dust at aluminum smelters, found to have respiratory symptoms such as bronchitis, irritated eyes and noses and skin. Long-term exposure can lead to chronic obstructive lung disease and a condition known as mucormycosis. In one study, rats exposed to low-temperature transitional alumina at a concentration equivalent to that of aluminium smelter workers were found to have elevated levels of aluminum in their brains. In contrast, animals exposed to alumina that was free of the toxic impurities showed no such changes in aluminum content.
